Methods for forming wordlines, transistor gates, and conductive interconnects, and wordline, transistor gate, and conductive interconnect structures

ABSTRACT

The invention encompasses stacked semiconductor devices including gate stacks, wordlines, PROMs, conductive interconnecting lines, and methods for forming such structures. The invention also includes a method of forming a transistor gate comprising: a) forming gate dielectric layer; b) forming a polysilicon gate layer against the gate dielectric layer; and c) doping the polysilicon gate layer with a conductivity-enhancing dopant, the dopant being provided in a concentration gradient within the polysilicon layer, the concentration gradient increasing in a direction toward the gate dielectric layer. The invention also includes a wordline comprising: a) a polysilicon line; a substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer over the polysilicon line; and a b) layer of metal-silicide over the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The invention pertains to a number of semiconductor structures and methods for forming such structures, including gate stack structures, conductive line structures, conductive interconnect structures, and programmable-read-only-memory devices.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] A continuous challenge in semiconductor processing is to improve conductivity and performance of stacked semiconductor structures. Among the stacked semiconductor structures commonly utilized are gate stacks, wordlines, programmable-read-only-memory devices such as EPROMs and EEPROMs, and conductive interconnects. Formation of some of these prior art stacked structures is described with reference to FIGS. 1-4. FIGS. 1-2 pertain to the formation of a wordline or gate stack structure, and FIGS. 3-4 pertain to the formation of a programmable-read-only memory device.

[0003] Referring to FIG. 1, a semiconductor wafer fragment 10 is illustrated at a preliminary processing step of a prior art process for forming a wordline or gate stack. Wafer fragment 10 comprises a semiconductive material substrate 12, and field oxide regions 14 over substrate 12. A gate dielectric layer 16, generally comprising silicon dioxide, extends between field oxide regions 14. A polysilicon layer 18 and a polycide (silicide) layer 20 are formed over field oxide regions 14 and gate dielectric layer 16.

[0004] Polysilicon layer 18 typically comprises polysilicon uniformly doped with a conductivity enhancing dopant (illustrated by stippling within layer 18). Polycide layer 20 comprises a metal silicide, such as tungsten silicide, molybdenum silicide, titanium silicide or cobalt silicide. The formation of polycide layer 20 typically comprises depositing a metal over polysilicon layer 18 and reacting the metal with polysilicon layer 18 to form a metal-silicide. The reacting can comprise thermal processing of the metal layer and polysilicon layer at, for example, temperatures of from about 600° C. to about 800° C.

[0005] Referring to FIG. 2, layers 16, 18 and 20 are patterned to form a conductive stack, and specifically to form a wordline 24. Source/drain regions 25 are provided proximate wordline 24. Conductive wordline 24 comprises a transistor gate electrically connecting source/drain regions 25. The final transistor structure can be either a p-channel transistor (PMOS), or an n-channel transistor (NMOS), and can be incorporated within a CMOS construction.

[0006] The speed of devices comprising wordlines and conductive gates generally increases with increasing conductivities of the wordlines and conductive gates. Accordingly, it would be desirable to improve the conductivity of wordlines and transistor gates. A method for improving the conductivity of a doped layer is to “activate” the dopant within the layer. Although the chemistry of dopant activation is not well understood, activation is thought to occur as dopant is dispersed from grain boundaries in a polysilicon layer to bulk polysilicon away from the grain boundaries. Dopants are typically activated by thermal processing.

[0007] Alternative procedures similar to those of FIGS. 1 and 2 can be used to form a conductive polysilicon interconnect. Such interconnects can comprise a line of polycide over a polysilicon. Accordingly, such interconnects are similar to wordline 24, but lack dielectric layer 16.

[0008] The speed of devices comprising conductive interconnects can increase with increasing conductivities of the conductive interconnects. Accordingly, it would be desirable to improve the conductivity of conductive interconnects.

[0009] Referring to FIGS. 3-4, a prior art process for forming a programmable-read-only memory (PROM) device is illustrated. In the embodiment of FIGS. 3-4, similar numbering to that of the embodiment of FIGS. 1-2 is utilized, with differences indicated by the suffix “a”, or by different numbers.

[0010] Referring to FIG. 3, a wafer fragment 10 a is illustrated at a preliminary step during formation of a programmable-read-only memory device. Wafer fragment 10 a comprises a semiconductive material 12 a over which is formed field oxide regions 14 a and gate dielectric layer 16 a. A first polysilicon layer 18 a is formed over regions 14 a and dielectric layer 16 a. A second dielectric layer 26 and a second polysilicon layer 28 are formed over first polysilicon layer 18 a, and a polycide layer 30 is formed over second dielectric layer 26.

[0011] Polysilicon layers 18 a and 28 comprise uniformly doped polysilicon, typically comprising a dopant concentration of greater than 1×10¹⁹ ions/cm³.

[0012] Referring to FIG. 4, layers 16 a, 18 a, 20 a, 26, 28 and 30 are patterned to form the resulting PROM device 32. Within device 32, the patterned first polysilicon layer 18 a is typically referred to as a floating gate. The patterned second polysilicon layer 28 and polycide layer 30 together comprise a conductive line 33.

[0013] The speed of circuits comprising PROM devices can increase with increasing conductivities of the conductive line and floating gate. Accordingly, it would be desirable to improve the conductivities of conductive lines and floating gates.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0014] The invention encompasses stacked semiconductor devices including gate stacks, wordlines, PROMs, conductive interconnecting lines, and methods for forming such structures.

[0015] The invention includes a method of forming a transistor gate. A gate dielectric layer is formed and a polysilicon gate layer is formed against the gate dielectric layer. The polysilicon gate layer is doped with a conductivity-enhancing dopant. The dopant is provided in a concentration gradient within the polysilicon layer which increases in a direction toward the gate dielectric layer.

[0016] The invention also includes a wordline comprising a polysilicon line, a substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer over the polysilicon line, and a layer of metal-silicide over the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.

[0018]FIG. 1 illustrates a semiconductor wafer fragment at preliminary step of a prior art method for forming a wordline.

[0019]FIG. 2 illustrates the FIG. 1 wafer fragment at a prior art step subsequent to that of FIG. 1.

[0020]FIG. 3 illustrates a semiconductor wafer fragment at preliminary step of a prior art method for forming PROM device.

[0021]FIG. 4 illustrates the FIG. 3 wafer fragment at a prior art step subsequent to that of FIG. 3.

[0022]FIG. 5 illustrates a semiconductor wafer fragment at preliminary step of a first embodiment method of the present invention for forming a wordline.

[0023]FIG. 6 illustrates the FIG. 5 wafer fragment at a step subsequent to that of FIG. 5.

[0024]FIG. 7 illustrates the FIG. 5 wafer fragment at a step subsequent to that of FIG. 6.

[0025]FIG. 8 illustrates the FIG. 5 wafer fragment at a step subsequent to that of FIG. 7.

[0026]FIG. 9 illustrates a graph of dopant concentration verses elevation for an exemplary polysilicon layer doped according to a method of the present invention.

[0027]FIG. 10 illustrates a semiconductor wafer fragment at preliminary step of a second embodiment method of the present invention for forming a wordline.

[0028]FIG. 11 illustrates the FIG. 10 wafer fragment at a step subsequent to that of FIG. 10.

[0029]FIG. 12 illustrates a semiconductor wafer fragment at preliminary step of a third embodiment method of the present invention for forming a wordline.

[0030]FIG. 13 illustrates the FIG. 12 wafer fragment at a step subsequent to that of FIG. 12.

[0031]FIG. 14 illustrates a graph of dopant concentration verses elevation for an exemplary polysilicon layer doped according to a method of the present invention.

[0032]FIG. 15 illustrates a semiconductor wafer fragment at preliminary step of a fourth embodiment method of the present invention for forming a wordline.

[0033]FIG. 16 illustrates the FIG. 15 wafer fragment at a step subsequent to that of FIG. 15.

[0034]FIG. 17 illustrates a semiconductor wafer fragment at preliminary step of a fifth embodiment method of the present invention for forming a wordline.

[0035]FIG. 18 illustrates the FIG. 17 wafer fragment at a step subsequent to that of FIG. 17.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0036] This disclosure of the invention is submitted in furtherance of the constitutional purposes of the U.S. Patent Laws “to promote the progress of science and useful arts” (Article 1, Section 8).

[0037] A first embodiment of the present invention is described with reference to FIGS. 5-9. In describing the first embodiment, like numerals from the preceding discussion of the prior art are utilized where appropriate, with differences being indicated by the suffix “c” or with different numerals.

[0038] Referring to FIG. 5, a semiconductor wafer fragment 10 c is illustrated at a preliminary step of a semiconductor processing method. Fragment 10 c comprises a semiconductive material substrate 12 c. Field isolation regions 14 c and a gate dielectric layer 16 c are formed over substrate 12 c. A polysilicon layer 18 c is formed over field isolation regions 14 c and gate dielectric layer 16 c. A polycide layer 20 c is formed over polysilicon layer 16 c. Substrate 12 c can comprise silicon. Field isolation regions 14 c and dielectric layer 16 c can comprise silicon dioxide. Polycide layer 20 c comprises a metal silicide, and can comprise a metal selected from the group consisting of tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt, tantalum and titanium.

[0039] Polysilicon layer 18 c comprises a conductivity-enhancing dopant provided in a concentration gradient. As shown by the stippling of FIG. 5, the concentration gradient is such that an amount of conductivity enhancing dopant decreases with increasing elevation within polysilicon layer 18 c. In other words, the dopant concentration increases in a direction toward gate dielectric layer 18 c. Accordingly, the dopant concentration decreases in a direction toward metal silicide layer 20 c.

[0040] Several methods can be utilized to form the shown concentration gradient within layer 18 c. An example method is a controlled ion implantation of conductivity-enhancing dopant into layer 18 c such that the dopant concentration is greatest at elevationally lower depths of layer 18 c than at elevationally upper depths of 18 c. An example method would include implanting arsenic to a dose of 2×10⁻¹⁵ cm⁻² throughout layer 18 c, and then implanting an additional dose of 2×10⁻¹⁵ cm-⁻² arsenic at the lower depths of layer 18 c.

[0041] Another example method for forming a concentration gradient within layer 18 c is to provide dopant at a lower elevation within layer 18 c and subsequently diffuse the dopant within layer 18 c. For instance, layer 18 c can be doped to a concentration of 5×10²⁰ ions/cm³ with phosphorus at the interface with 18 c and to a concentration of 5×10¹⁸ ions/cm³ at higher elevations. An exemplary gradient is shown in FIG. 9 for a layer 18 c that is 1500 Å thick.

[0042] Referring to FIG. 6, layers 18 c, 18 c and 20 c are patterned to form a conductive wordline 24 c. Source/drain regions 25 c are provided adjacent conductive line 24 c, with conductive wordline 24 c comprising a transistor gate which electrically couples source/drain regions 25 c. The resulting transistor structure can be a PMOS transistor or NMOS transistor, and can be incorporated into a CMOS.

[0043] Although layer 18 c is doped before the patterning of wordline 24 c in the shown embodiment, the invention encompasses alternative embodiments in which layer 18 c is doped after such patterning.

[0044] Wordline 24 c will preferably be transformed to a lower resistivity state by subsequent processing. Such subsequent processing could include, for example, rapid thermal processing (RTP). In the context of this document, RTP is defined to refer to temperature ramp rate of greater than about 7° C./second. Preferably, the RTP of wordline 24 c is to a temperature of greater than 850° C. (such as, for example, a temperature of from 1000° C. to about 1025° C.). The temperature will preferably be maintained over 850° C. for a time of longer than 10 seconds, and generally between 10 seconds and 30 seconds, to activate the dopant within layer 18 c. Such thermal processing can also advantageously induce grain growth of tungsten silicide. After the thermal processing, the dopant can be uniformly distributed throughout polysilicon layer 18 c, or can, as shown, remain in a concentration gradient which decreases with increasing elevation.

[0045] The graded dopant concentration of FIGS. 5 and 6 can reduce a likelihood of dopant migrating into layer 20 c, and can thereby reduce a likelihood of dopant poisoning grain growth within layer 20 c. Accordingly, the graded dopant within layer 18 c can reduce a peak temperature required for creating a low resistivity wordline 24 c. In particular applications, the graded dopant concentration in layer 18 c can be used either to realize the same low resistivity for a lower process temperature (which is desirable due to a lower thermal budget) or to realize a lower resistivity for the same process temperature sequence.

[0046] Referring to FIG. 7, an oxide layer 34 is formed over source/drain regions 25 c and over wordline 24 c. Oxide layer 34 can be formed by a number of methods, including, for example, chemical vapor deposition.

[0047] Referring to FIG. 8, wafer fragment 10 c is subjected to thermal processing within an oxidizing atmosphere to form rounded corners 36 adjacent gate oxide 18 c. The oxidizing atmosphere can comprise, for example, O₂, N₂O, or NO. The temperatures utilized for forming rounded corners 36 are typically above 850° C., and commonly from 800° C. to 1050° C. As discussed above, wordline 24 c will preferably be processed at temperatures of greater than about 850° C. to activate dopant within layer 18 c and to form a low resistivity form of silicide layer 20 c. In applications in which the temperature utilized for forming rounded corners 36 equals or exceeds such preferable processing temperature of wordline 24 c, the preferable thermal processing of wordline 24 c can occur in a common step with the formation of rounded corners 36. The formation of rounded corners 36 generates a so-called “smiling gate” structure which, as recognized by those of skill in the art, can reduce hot electron degradation.

[0048] A second embodiment of the invention is described with reference to FIGS. 10 and 11. In describing the second embodiment, like numerals from the preceding discussion of the prior art are utilized where appropriate with differences being indicated by the suffix “d” or with different numerals.

[0049] Referring to FIG. 10, a wafer fragment 10 d is illustrated at a preliminary step of a processing sequence of the second embodiment. Wafer fragment 10 d comprises a semiconductive material substrate 12 d, such as monocrystalline silicon. Field isolation regions 14 d and gate dielectric layer 16 d are over semiconductive material 12 d. Field isolation regions 14 d and gate dielectric layer 16 d can comprise silicon dioxide.

[0050] A polysilicon layer 18 d is over field isolation regions 14 d and gate dielectric layer 16 d. Polysilicon layer 18 d preferably comprises conductively doped polysilicon, either homogeneously doped (as shown) or doped in a gradient, such as the gradient described previously with reference to FIGS. 5-9.

[0051] A substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer 38 is formed over polysilicon layer 18 d. Substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer 38 preferably has a thickness of less than or equal to about 20 Å, and preferably comprises a dielectric material. Substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer 38 can comprise a number of materials, including, for example, a nitrogen-containing material, such a TiN, or an oxygen-comprising material, such as silicon dioxide.

[0052] A polycide layer 20 d is formed over barrier layer 38. Polycide layer 20 d comprises a metal silicide. Polycide layer 20 d can comprise a metal deposited from a fluorine-containing reactant, such as, for example, a metal selected from the group consisting of tungsten (deposited from WF₆) and tantalum (deposited from TaF₅).

[0053] Barrier layer 38 inhibits fluorine migration from metal silicide layer 20 d into gate dielectric layer 16 d. Such fluorine migration into dielectric layer 16 d can disadvantageously thicken layer 16 d, particularly if layer 16 d is a gate oxide. Thickening of dielectric layer 16 d can reduce performance of a transistor using a conductive line or transistor gate formed over layer 16 d. In the shown preferred embodiment, barrier layer 38 is formed at an interface of polysilicon layer 18 d with metal silicide layer 20 d. In spite of barrier layer 38, polycide layer 20 d and polysilicon layer 18 d remain in electrical contact. Specifically, barrier layer 38 is kept thin so that it does not destroy electrical conductivity between polycide layer 20 d and polysilicon layer 18 d.

[0054] Barrier layer 38 can be formed by a number of methods, including, for example, chemical vapor deposition of TiN, sputter deposition of TiN, implanting a layer of nitrogen at an upper surface of polysilicon layer 18 d, growing a layer of silicon dioxide over an upper surface of layer 18 d, and depositing a layer of silicon dioxide over layer 18 d prior to formation of metal silicide layer 20 d.

[0055] After formation of fluorine impervious barrier layer 38, the stack of layers 16 d, 18 d, 38 and 20 d is preferably subjected to a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds to activate dopant within layer 18 d. Preferably, this will comprise a RTP step in which the temperature of layer 18 d is ramped to 850° C. at 7° C./second, and during which polycide layer 20 d is exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere. Exposure to an oxidizing atmosphere can create a silicon dioxide layer 37 over polycide layer 20 d.

[0056] Referring to FIG. 11, layers 18 d, 38, 20 d and 37 are patterned into the shape of a conductive line 24 d over gate dielectric layer 16 d. Source/drain regions 25 d are formed proximate conductive line 24 d such that wordline 24 d comprises a transistor gate electrically connecting source/drain regions 25 d. Although the RTP step is described as occurring before patterning layers 18 d, 38 and 20 d into wordline 24 d, in alternative embodiments of the invention an RTP step could occur after such patterning.

[0057] After formation of wordline 24 d, subsequent processing can be performed analogous to that of FIGS. 7 and 8 to form a smiling gate structure comprising fluorine impervious barrier layer 38. Most preferably, the steps of activating an impurity within layer 18 d and forming a smiling gate structure comprising layer 38 will occur simultaneously. In such most preferable application, wordline 24 d will be subjected to a temperature of at least 850° C. in an oxygen-comprising atmosphere to 1) activate an impurity within layer 18 d; and 2) oxidize a corner of polysilicon gate layer 18 d.

[0058] Referring to FIG. 12, a semiconductor wafer fragment 10 e is shown at a preliminary processing step in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention. In describing the third embodiment, like numerals from the preceding discussion of the prior art are utilized where appropriate, with differences being indicated by the suffix “e” or with different numerals. The third embodiment can be utilized to, for example, improve gate oxide quality in flash devices and scaled CMOS.

[0059] Wafer fragment 10 e comprises a semiconductive material substrate 12 e. Field isolation regions 14 e and a gate dielectric layer 16 e are formed over semiconductive substrate material 12 e. A substantially undoped silicon-comprising layer 40 is formed over isolation regions 14e and layer 16 e. Substantially undoped silicon-comprising layer 40 preferably comprises less than 1×10¹⁸ ions/cm³ of dopant, and most preferably comprises 0 ions/cm³ of dopant. Layer 40 is preferably formed to a thickness of from about 50 Angstroms to about 300 Å, and preferably is originally formed as amorphous silicon. An example method for forming an amorphous silicon layer 40 includes chemical vapor deposition utilizing SiH₄ at a temperature of 480 degrees to 560° C. under a pressure of from 50 millitorr to about 2 torr in a batch furnace. Alternatively, layer 40 can be deposited as polysilicon. An interface 43 exists at a common boundary of layers 40 and 16 e.

[0060] A conductively doped silicon-comprising layer 42 is formed over substantially undoped silicon-comprising layer 40. Layer 42 is most preferably heavily doped with a conductivity enhancing impurity to a concentration of greater than 1×10²⁰ atoms/cm³. Layer 42 will preferably comprise a thickness of from about 400 Å to about 1500 Å, and can be either amorphous or polycrystalline. An example method for depositing a substantially amorphous layer 42 includes chemical vapor deposition utilizing SiH₄, in combination with a dopant feed gas comprising at least one of PH₃ or AsH₃. Doped layer 42 can also be formed by depositing an undoped layer of silicon and subsequently implanting dopant into the layer. Doped layer 42 can be deposited at a temperature common to the temperature at which undoped layer 40 is deposited. Together, layers 40 and 42 comprise a gate layer 18 e.

[0061] A refractory metal layer 20 e is provided on gate layer 18 e. Refractory metal layer 20 e can comprise, for example, tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum or titanium. Of course, in embodiments in which gate layer 18 e is to be incorporated as a floating gate, refractory metal layer 20 e would not be provided on layer 18 e.

[0062] Referring to FIG. 13, layers 16 e, 18 e and 20 e are patterned to form a conductive line 24 e, and subjected to an anneal. Preferably, the anneal comprises the above-described RTP, and includes processing to a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds. Most preferably the anneal occurs at a temperature of 850° C. for thirty minutes in a nitrogen-comprising atmosphere. Alternatively, the anneal can comprise RTP in an oxygen-comprising atmosphere. In embodiments in which layers 40 and 42 comprise amorphous silicon, the anneal can crystallize such layers to convert them to polysilicon. The anneal can also activate dopant, as well as diffuse dopant from heavily doped layer 42 into substantially undoped layer 40 (as shown by the stippling extending throughout both of layers 40 and 42 in FIG. 13). After such diffusion of dopant, there can remain a dopant gradient within layer 18 e which is heaviest in layer 42 and decreases through layer 40 (shown schematically in a graph of FIG. 14, with regions 40 and 42 labeled on the x-axis), or there can be uniform dopant concentration throughout layer 18 e (as shown in FIG. 13), depending on the degree of the anneal.

[0063] It is noted that while it is highly desirable in a transistor gate to have a large quantity of dopant material at interface 43 where conductive gate material 18 e joins underlying gate dielectric layer 16 e, it is also highly desirable that the dopant be “active” as opposed to “non-active” in this region. Non-active phosphorate dopant can adversely impact transistor operation where such collects or agglomerates at interface 43. The present invention, in a preferred aspect, substantially keeps dopant away from interface 43 until the dopant has been activated by the above-indicated anneal step.

[0064] The optimal thickness of substantially undoped layer 40 is determined by the dopant concentration of layer 42 as well as by the post deposition thermal budget which controls the diffusion of dopant to oxide/gate layer interface 43. An example thickness of layer 40 is from about 50 Å to about 300 Å.

[0065] A fourth embodiment of the invention is described with reference to FIGS. 15 and 16. In describing the fourth embodiment, like numerals from the preceding discussion of the prior art are utilized where appropriate with differences being indicated by the suffix “f” or with different numerals.

[0066] Referring to FIG. 15, a semiconductor wafer fragment 10 f is illustrated at a preliminary processing step in accordance with the fourth embodiment of the invention. Wafer fragment 10 f comprises a semiconductive material substrate 12 f having field isolation regions 14 f and a gate dielectric layer 16 f formed thereover. A first substantially undoped silicon-comprising layer 44 is formed over regions 14 f and dielectric layer 16 f. A doped silicon-comprising layer 46 is formed over substantially undoped layer 44, and a second substantially undoped silicon-comprising layer 48 is formed over doped layer 46. Together, layers 44, 46 and 48 form a gate layer 18 f. Substantially undoped layers 44 and 46 preferably comprise less than 1×10¹⁸ ions/cm³ of dopant, and most preferably comprise 0 ions/cm³ of dopant. An interface 43 f exists at a common boundary of layer 44 and 16 f.

[0067] The optimal thickness of undoped layers 44 and 48 can be determined by the dopant concentration of layer 46 as well as by the post deposition thermal budget which controls the diffusion of dopant throughout layers 44, 46 and 48. An example thickness of layers 44 and 48 is from about 50 Å to about 300 Å.

[0068] Layers 44, 46 and 48 can be formed by a number of methods, including chemical vapor deposition methods similar to those described above with reference to FIGS. 12 and 13. In such deposition methods, layers 44, 46 and 48 can be deposited at a common temperature. Preferably, layers 44, 46 and 48 will be formed as amorphous silicon, and subsequently converted to polysilicon with an anneal comprising 850° C. for at least 10 seconds, and more preferably comprising 850° C. for about 30 minutes. Most preferably, the anneal will comprise rapid thermal processing, which advantageously converts the dopant in layer 46 from an inactive form to an active form. Also preferably, the anneal will disperse dopant from layer 46 into layers 44 and 48 (as shown by the stippling throughout layers 44, 46 and 48 in FIG. 16).

[0069] Alternative methods of forming layers 44, 46 and 48 can comprise depositing one or more of the layers as polysilicon. For instance, layers 44 and 48 can be deposited as amorphous silicon, with layer 46 deposited as polysilicon. Polysilicon layer 46 can be doped either subsequent to deposition, or doped in situ during deposition. If polysilicon layer 46 is doped subsequent to deposition, the layer can be doped, for example, by an ion implant of dopant into layer 46. Such ion implant can occur before or after formation of layer 48.

[0070] A polycide layer 20 f can be formed over undoped layer 48, but is not formed if layer 48 is utilized as a floating gate. Polycide layer 20 f comprises a metal silicide, and can comprise, for example, tungsten silicide, cobalt silicide, molybdenum silicide, or titanium silicide. Polycide layer 20 f is preferably formed by forming a refractory metal layer over silicon-comprising layer 48 prior to the above-described anneal. The anneal then forms metal-silicide layer 20 f while activating and dispersing dopant.

[0071] Referring to FIG. 16, layers 16 f, 44, 46, 48 and 20 f are patterned to form a conductive line 24 f and source/drain regions 25 f are formed proximate conductive line 24 f.

[0072] In a preferred aspect, the embodiment of FIGS. 15 and 16 substantially keeps dopant away from interface 43 f until the dopant has been activated by an anneal step. The embodiment of FIGS. 15 and 16 thus preferably prevents non-active dopant from collecting at interface 43 f and thereby adversely impacting transistor operation, and yet the embodiment permits active dopant to advantageously be formed at interface 43 f. In another preferred aspect, the embodiment of FIGS. 15 and 16 substantially keeps dopant away from polycide layer 20 f during grain growth within layer 20 f. If dopant is present within a polycide layer during grain growth, the dopant can disadvantageously disrupt the grain growth.

[0073] A fifth embodiment of the invention is described with reference to FIGS. 17 and 18. In describing the fifth embodiment, like numerals from the preceding discussion of the prior art are utilized where appropriate, with differences being indicated by the suffix “g” or different numerals.

[0074] Referring to FIG. 17, a semiconductor wafer fragment 10 g is illustrated at a preliminary step of the fifth embodiment. Wafer fragment 10 g comprises a semiconductive material substrate 12 g having field isolation regions 14 g and a gate dielectric layer 16 g formed thereover. A silicon-comprising layer 18 g is formed over isolation regions 14 g and dielectric layer 16 g. Silicon-comprising layer 18 g can comprise amorphous silicon or polysilicon. Preferably, layer 18 g comprises amorphous silicon. Within layer 18 g is provided a precisely formed layer of dopant (indicated by the stippling), approximately elevationally-centered within layer 18 g. The dopant can be provided, for example, by careful ion implanting of dopant into layer 18 g. Alternatively, the dopant can be provided in situ during deposition of layer 18 g. An interface 43 g exists at a common boundary of layers 18 g and 16 g. A polycide layer 20 g can be provided over polysilicon layer 18 g, but is not provided if layer 18 g is utilized as a floating gate.

[0075] As will be appreciated by persons of ordinary skill in the art, the fifth embodiment of FIG. 17 can be effectively identical to the embodiment of FIG. 15, with the exception being that polysilicon layer 18 g is deposited as a single uniform layer and subsequently doped by ion implanting, rather than being deposited as a distinct doped layer over a distinct undoped layer. As will be further appreciated by persons of ordinary skill in the art, the dopant within layer 18 g can be implanted either towards the center of 18 g, to form a layer effectively equivalent to layer 18 f (shown in FIGS. 15 an 16), or can be implanted towards an elevationally upper region of 18 g to form a layer more effectively equivalent to layer 18 e (shown in FIGS. 12 and 13).

[0076] Referring to FIG. 18, layers 16 g, 18 g and 20 g are patterned to form conductive line 24 g. Also, layer 18 g is subjected to thermal processing to disperse the dopant throughout layer 18 g. The dopant can end up uniformly dispersed throughout layer 18 g (as shown), or can be dispersed in a gradient within layer 18 g. Preferably, the thermal processing converts the dopant to an active form. Most preferably, the thermal processing comprises rapid thermal processing to a temperature of greater than 850° C. for a time greater than 10 seconds.

[0077] In a preferred aspect, the embodiment of FIGS. 17 and 18 substantially keeps dopant away from interface 43 g until the dopant has been activated by an anneal step. The embodiment of FIGS. 17 and 18 thus preferably prevents non-active dopant from collecting at interface 43 g and thereby adversely impacting transistor operation, and yet the embodiment permits active dopant to advantageously be formed at interface 43 g. In another preferred aspect, the embodiment of FIGS. 17 and 18 substantially keeps dopant away from polycide layer 20 g during grain growth within layer 20 g.

[0078] As will be appreciated by persons of ordinary skill in the art, the various embodiments described herein can be combined to form alternative embodiments which are not specifically illustrated. For instance, a fluorine-impermeable barrier layer (described with reference to FIGS. 10-11) can be combined with the careful dopant placement within a polysilicon layer (described with reference to FIGS. 12-13, 15-16, and 17-18; respectively).

[0079] In yet another aspect of the invention, it is recognized that the structures described herein can be used as conductive interconnects. Such conductive interconnects could, for example, comprise the polycide layers (20 c-g) and gate layers (18 c-g) of the illustrated wordlines (24 c-g), and lack the shown gate dielectric layers (18 c-g).

[0080] In yet another aspect of the invention, it is recognized that one or more of the embodiments described herein can be utilized in formation of the conductive line or floating gate of a programmable-read-only-memory (PROM) device.

[0081] To aid in interpretation of the claims that follow, the term “semiconductive substrate” is defined to mean any construction comprising semiconductive material, including, but not limited to, bulk semiconductive materials such as a semiconductive wafer (either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials thereon), and semiconductive material layers (either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials). The term “substrate” refers to any supporting structure, including, but not limited to, the semiconductive substrates described above.

[0082] In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents. 

1. A method of forming a transistor gate comprising the following steps: forming gate dielectric layer; forming a polysilicon gate layer against the gate dielectric layer; and doping the polysilicon gate layer with a conductivity-enhancing dopant, the dopant being provided in a concentration gradient within the polysilicon layer, the concentration gradient increasing in a direction toward the gate dielectric layer.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the gate dielectric layer is elevationally beneath the polysilicon gate layer and wherein the concentration gradient decreases with increasing elevation within the polysilicon gate layer.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the gate dielectric layer comprises silicon dioxide.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the gate dielectric layer is elevationally beneath the polysilicon gate layer and wherein the concentration gradient decreases with increasing elevation within the polysilicon gate layer, the method further comprising forming a metal-silicide layer over the polysilicon gate layer.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of doping the polysilicon layer comprises ion implanting a dopant into the layer.
 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising forming a metal-silicide layer adjacent the polysilicon gate layer and wherein the dopant concentration is lowest adjacent the metal-silicide layer.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of doping the polysilicon layer comprises providing a dopant within the layer and diffusing the dopant to form the concentration gradient.
 8. A method of forming a transistor gate comprising: forming polysilicon gate layer; forming a metal-silicide layer adjacent the polysilicon gate layer; and doping the polysilicon gate layer with a conductivity-enhancing dopant, the dopant being provided in a concentration gradient within the polysilicon layer, the concentration gradient increasing in a direction away from the metal-silicide layer.
 9. A method of forming a transistor gate comprising: forming a gate layer of polysilicon; forming a substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer over the gate layer; and forming a layer of metal-silicide over the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer.
 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer comprises TiN.
 11. The method of claim 9 wherein the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer is a dielectric layer having a thickness of about 20 Angstroms.
 12. The method of claim 9 wherein the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer comprises nitrogen.
 13. The method of claim 9 wherein the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer comprises nitrogen provided at an interface between the polysilicon gate layer and the metal-silicide layer.
 14. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of forming the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer comprises chemical vapor depositing a barrier layer material.
 15. The method of claim 9 wherein the step of forming the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer comprises sputtering a barrier layer material.
 16. The method of claim 9 further comprising: after forming the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer, subjecting the gate layer to rapid thermal processing at a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds.
 17. The method of claim 9 further comprising: providing a conductivity-enhancing impurity within the gate layer; and after forming the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer, subjecting the transistor gate to rapid thermal processing at a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds.
 18. The method of claim 9 further comprising: providing a conductivity-enhancing impurity within the gate layer; and after forming the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer, subjecting the transistor gate to a temperature of at least 850° C. in an oxygen-comprising atmosphere to 1) activate the impurity; and 2) oxidize a corner of the polysilicon gate layer.
 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the oxygen comprising atmosphere comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of O₂, O₃, N₂O, and NO.
 20. The method of claim 9 further comprising: providing a conductivity-enhancing impurity within the gate layer; and after forming the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer, subjecting the transistor gate to a temperature of at least 850° C. in an oxygen-comprising atmosphere to 1) activate the impurity; and 2) form a layer of oxide over the metal-silicide layer.
 21. A method of forming a wordline comprising: forming a polysilicon layer; forming a substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer over the polysilicon layer; forming a layer of metal-silicide over the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer; and providing the polysilicon layer, fluorine impervious barrier layer, and metal-silicide layer in the shape of a conductive line over a gate dielectric layer.
 22. The method of claim 21 wherein the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer comprises TiN.
 23. The method of claim 21 wherein the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer comprises a thickness of less than about 20 Angstroms.
 24. The method of claim 21 wherein the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer comprises nitrogen.
 25. The method of claim 21 wherein the step of forming the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer comprises chemical vapor depositing a barrier layer material.
 26. The method of claim 21 wherein the step of forming the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer comprises sputtering a barrier layer material.
 27. The method of claim 21 further comprising: after forming the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer, subjecting the wordline to a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds.
 28. The method of claim 21 further comprising: forming a dopant within the polysilicon line; and after forming the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer, subjecting the wordline to a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds.
 29. A transistor gate comprising: a gate layer of polysilicon; a substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer over the gate layer; and a layer of metal-silicide over the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer.
 30. The transistor gate of claim 29 wherein the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer comprises TiN.
 31. The transistor gate of claim 29 wherein the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer comprises nitrogen.
 32. A wordline comprising: a polysilicon line; a substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer over the polysilicon line; and a layer of metal-silicide over the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer.
 33. The wordline of claim 32 wherein the substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer comprises TiN.
 34. A method of inhibiting fluorine migration from a metal-silicide layer to another layer comprising forming a substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer adjacent the metal-silicide layer.
 35. A method of inhibiting fluorine migration from a metal-silicide layer comprising forming a nitrogen-comprising layer adjacent the metal-silicide layer.
 36. A method of inhibiting fluorine migration from a metal-silicide layer comprising forming a TiN layer adjacent the metal-silicide layer.
 37. A method of inhibiting fluorine migration from a metal-silicide layer to a gate oxide layer in a transistor comprising a metal-silicide/polysilicon/gate oxide stack, comprising: forming a substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer between the metal-silicide layer and the gate oxide layer.
 38. A method of inhibiting fluorine migration from a metal-silicide layer to a gate oxide layer comprising forming a TiN layer between the metal-silicide layer and the gate oxide layer.
 39. A method of inhibiting fluorine migration from a metal-silicide layer to a gate oxide layer comprising forming a nitrogen-comprising layer between the metal-silicide layer and the gate oxide layer.
 40. A method of forming a transistor gate comprising the following steps: forming a gate dielectric layer over a substrate; forming a first substantially undoped silicon layer over the gate dielectric layer, the first substantially undoped silicon layer comprising amorphous silicon; forming a second doped silicon layer over the first substantially undoped silicon layer; and transforming the amorphous silicon of the first substantially undoped silicon layer to polysilicon.
 41. The method of claim 40 wherein the first substantially undoped silicon layer comprises less than 1×10¹⁸ atoms/cm³ of dopant.
 42. The method of claim 40 wherein the first substantially undoped silicon layer comprises 0 atoms/cm³ of dopant.
 43. The method of claim 40 wherein the second doped silicon layer comprises polysilicon.
 44. The method of claim 40 wherein the second doped silicon layer comprises amorphous silicon.
 45. The method of claim 40 further comprising: forming a second substantially undoped silicon layer over the doped silicon layer; forming a metal-silicide layer over the second substantially undoped silicon layer, wherein the first substantially undoped silicon layer, the second substantially undoped silicon layer, the doped silicon layer and the metal-silicide layer together comprise a gate stack; and subjecting the gate stack to rapid thermal processing to a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds.
 46. A method of forming a transistor gate comprising the following steps: forming a gate oxide layer over a substrate; forming a first substantially undoped polysilicon layer over the gate oxide layer; and forming a doped polysilicon layer over the first substantially undoped polysilicon layer.
 47. The method of claim 46 wherein the first substantially undoped polysilicon layer and the doped polysilicon are deposited at a common temperature.
 48. The method of claim 46 wherein the step of forming the doped polysilicon layer comprises chemical vapor deposition of polysilicon and a dopant.
 49. The method of claim 46 wherein the step of forming the doped polysilicon layer comprises: depositing a substantially undoped layer of polysilicon; and implanting a dopant into the substantially undoped polysilicon layer after its formation.
 50. The method of claim 46 wherein the first substantially undoped polysilicon layer and the doped polysilicon layer together comprise a gate stack, the method further comprising subjecting the gate stack to rapid thermal processing at a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds.
 51. The method of claim 46 wherein the first substantially undoped polysilicon layer and the doped polysilicon layer together comprise a gate stack, the method further comprising subjecting the gate stack to rapid thermal processing at a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds in an oxygen-comprising atmosphere.
 52. The method of claim 46 further comprising forming a metal-silicide layer over the doped polysilicon layer.
 53. The method of claim 46 further comprising: forming a metal-silicide layer over the doped polysilicon layer, wherein the first substantially undoped polysilicon layer, the metal silicide layer, and the doped polysilicon layer together comprise a gate stack; and subjecting the gate stack to rapid thermal processing at a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds.
 54. The method of claim 53 further comprising forming a substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer between the metal-silicide layer and the gate oxide layer prior to the step of subjecting the gate stack to the temperature.
 55. The method of claim 46 further comprising forming a second substantially undoped polysilicon layer over the doped polysilicon layer.
 56. The method of claim 46 further comprising forming a second substantially undoped polysilicon layer over the doped polysilicon layer, wherein the first substantially undoped polysilicon layer, the second substantially undoped polysilicon layer, and the doped polysilicon are deposited at a common temperature.
 57. The method of claim 46 further comprising: forming a second substantially undoped polysilicon layer over the doped polysilicon layer, wherein the first substantially undoped polysilicon layer, the second substantially undoped polysilicon layer, and the doped polysilicon layer together comprise a gate stack; and subjecting the gate stack to rapid thermal processing at a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds.
 58. The method of claim 46 further comprising: forming a second substantially undoped polysilicon layer over the doped polysilicon layer, wherein the first substantially undoped polysilicon layer, the second substantially undoped polysilicon layer, and the doped polysilicon layer together comprise a gate stack; and subjecting the gate stack to rapid thermal processing at a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds in an oxygen-comprising atmosphere.
 59. The method of claim 46 further comprising: forming a second substantially undoped polysilicon layer over the doped polysilicon layer; and forming a metal-silicide layer over the second substantially undoped polysilicon layer.
 60. The method of claim 46 further comprising: forming a second substantially undoped polysilicon layer over the doped polysilicon layer; forming a metal-silicide layer over the second substantially undoped polysilicon layer, wherein the first substantially undoped polysilicon layer, the second substantially undoped polysilicon layer, the doped polysilicon layer and the metal-silicide layer together comprise a gate stack; and subjecting the gate stack to rapid thermal processing at a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds.
 61. The method of claim 60 further comprising forming a substantially fluorine impervious barrier layer between the metal-silicide layer and the gate oxide layer prior to the step of subjecting the gate stack to rapid thermal processing.
 62. A method of forming a transistor gate comprising the following steps: forming a gate oxide layer over a substrate; forming a polysilicon layer over the gate oxide layer; and doping an upper portion of the polysilicon layer to form an upper doped portion of the polysilicon layer over a lower substantially undoped portion of the polysilicon layer.
 63. A method of forming a wordline comprising the following steps: forming a gate oxide layer over a substrate; forming a layer of substantially undoped silicon over the gate oxide layer; forming a layer of doped silicon over the layer of substantially undoped silicon; and the layers of substantially undoped silicon and doped silicon being in the shape of a wordline.
 64. The method of claim 63 wherein the substantially undoped silicon comprises amorphous silicon.
 65. The method of claim 63 wherein the doped silicon comprises polysilicon.
 66. The method of claim 63 wherein the substantially undoped silicon and the doped silicon both comprise amorphous silicon.
 67. A method of forming a wordline comprising the following steps: forming a gate oxide layer over a substrate; forming a line of substantially undoped polysilicon over the gate oxide layer; and forming a line of doped polysilicon over the line of substantially undoped polysilicon.
 68. A method of forming a conductive interconnect comprising the following steps: forming a first line of substantially undoped silicon over a substrate; forming a second line of doped silicon over the line of substantially undoped silicon; and forming a metal-silicide layer over the second line of doped silicon; the second doped silicon line, first substantially undoped silicon line, and metal silicide layer together comprising a conductive interconnect stack.
 69. The method of claim 68 wherein the line of substantially undoped silicon comprises amorphous silicon.
 70. The method of claim 68 wherein the line of doped silicon comprises polysilicon.
 71. The method of claim 68 wherein the lines of substantially undoped silicon and doped silicon both comprise amorphous silicon.
 72. The method of claim 68 further comprising: forming a third line of substantially undoped silicon within the interconnect stack, the third line of substantially undoped silicon being between the second line of doped silicon and the metal-silicide layer; and subjecting the interconnect stack comprising the third line of substantially undoped silicon to rapid thermal processing at a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds.
 73. A method of forming a conductive interconnect comprising the following steps: forming a first line of substantially undoped polysilicon over a substrate; forming a line of doped polysilicon over the line of substantially undoped polysilicon; and forming a metal-silicide layer over the line of doped polysilicon; the doped polysilicon line, the first substantially undoped polysilicon line, and the metal silicide layer together comprising a conductive interconnect stack.
 74. The method of claim 73 further comprising: subjecting the conductive interconnect stack to rapid thermal processing at a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds.
 75. The method of claim 73 further comprising: forming a third line of substantially undoped polysilicon within the interconnect stack, the third line of substantially undoped polysilicon being between the second line of doped polysilicon and the metal-silicide layer; and subjecting the interconnect stack comprising the third line of substantially undoped polysilicon to rapid thermal processing at a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds.
 76. A method of forming an programmable-read-only-memory device comprising: forming a first dielectric layer over a substrate; forming a floating gate over the first dielectric layer; forming a second dielectric layer over the floating gate; forming a conductive line over the second dielectric layer; forming a metal-silicide layer over the conductive line; and forming at least one of the floating gate and the conductive line to comprise: a first substantially undoped polysilicon layer; and a doped polysilicon layer over the first substantially undoped polysilicon layer.
 77. The method of claim 76 wherein the formed programmable-read-only-memory device is an EPROM.
 78. The method of claim 76 wherein the formed programmable-read-only-memory device is an EEPROM.
 79. The method of claim 76 further comprising: subjecting the doped and substantially undoped polysilicon layers to rapid thermal processing at a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds.
 80. The method of claim 76 further comprising: subjecting the first and second transistor gates to a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds while exposing the first and second transistor gates to oxygen.
 81. A transistor gate comprising: a gate dielectric layer over a substrate; a first substantially undoped polysilicon layer over the gate dielectric layer; and a doped polysilicon layer over the first substantially undoped polysilicon layer.
 82. The transistor gate of claim 81 further comprising a metal-silicide layer over the doped polysilicon layer.
 83. The transistor gate of claim 81 further comprising a second substantially undoped polysilicon layer over the doped polysilicon layer.
 84. The transistor gate of claim 81 further comprising: a second substantially undoped polysilicon layer over the doped polysilicon layer; and a metal-silicide layer over the second substantially undoped polysilicon layer.
 85. A wordline comprising: a gate dielectric layer over a substrate; a line of substantially undoped polysilicon over the gate dielectric layer; and a line of doped polysilicon over the line of substantially undoped polysilicon.
 86. A conductive interconnect comprising: a first line of substantially undoped polysilicon over a substrate; a line of doped polysilicon on the line of substantially undoped polysilicon; and a metal-silicide layer over the line of doped polysilicon.
 87. A method of forming an integrated circuit comprising: forming a doped polysilicon layer; subjecting the doped polysilicon layer to a plurality of thermal processing steps; and wherein the final thermal processing step over 800° C. is rapid thermal processing to a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds.
 88. The method of claim 87 further comprising: utilizing at least a portion of the doped polysilicon layer as a gate layer in a transistor gate.
 89. A method of forming an integrated circuit comprising: forming a doped polysilicon layer; subjecting the doped polysilicon layer to a plurality of thermal processing steps; and wherein the final thermal processing step over 800° C. is rapid thermal processing to a temperature of at least 850° C. for at least 10 seconds in an oxygen-comprising atmosphere.
 90. The method of claim 89 further comprising: utilizing at least a portion of the doped polysilicon layer as a gate layer in a transistor gate.
 91. A programmable-read-only-memory device comprising: a first dielectric layer over a substrate; a floating gate over the first dielectric layer; a second dielectric layer over the floating gate; a conductive line over the second dielectric layer; a metal-silicide layer over the conductive line; and at least one of the floating gate and the conductive line comprising: a first substantially undoped polysilicon layer; and a doped polysilicon layer over the first substantially undoped polysilicon layer.
 92. The programmable-read-only-memory device of claim 91 wherein the device is an EPROM.
 93. The programmable-read-only-memory device of claim 91 wherein the device is an EEPROM. 